And the Band Played on Read Online
AND THE Band PLAYED ON
Also by Randy Shilts
The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk
Carry Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the U.Due south. Military
AND THE BAND PLAYED ON
POLITICS, PEOPLE, AND THE AIDS EPIDEMIC
20TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION
RANDY SHILTS
For Ann Neuenschwander
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
DRAMATIS PERSONAE
THE Bureaucracy
PROLOGUE
PART I. BEHOLD, A PALE Equus caballus
1. The Feast of the Hearts
Office II. Before/1980
2. Glory Days
3. Beaches of the Dispossessed
iv. Foreshadowing
5. Freeze Frames
Role Iii. PAVING THE Route/1981
6. Disquisitional Mass
7. Skilful Intentions
viii. The Prettiest Ane
ix. Ambush Poppers
10. Golf Courses of Science
11. Bad Moon Rising
PART IV. THE GATHERING DARKNESS/1982
12. Enemy Time
xiii. Patient Zero
14. Bicentennial Memories
xv. Nightsweats
xvi. Likewise Much Claret
17. Entropy
18. Running on Empty
19. Forced Feeding
20. Dirty Secrets
21. Dancing in the Nighttime
PART V. Boxing LINES/JANUARY–JUNE 1983
22. Permit It Bleed
23. Midnight Confessions
24. Denial
25. Acrimony
26. The Big Enchilada
27. Turning Points
28. Only the Good
29. Priorities
30. Meanwhile
31. AIDSpeak Spoken Here
32. Star Quality
Role 6. RITUALS/JULY-DECEMBER 1983
33. Marathons
34. Simply Another Mean solar day
35. Politics
36. Scientific discipline
37. Public Wellness
38. Journalism
39. People
Function 7. LIGHTS & TUNNELS/1984
forty. Prisoners
41. Bargaining
42. The Feast of the Hearts, Function 2
43. Squeeze Play
44. Traitors
45. Political Scientific discipline
46. Downbound Railroad train
47. Republicans and Democrats
48. Embarrassed
49. Low
50. The State of war
Office Eight. THE BUTCHER'S BILL/1985
51. Heterosexuals
52. Exiles
53. Reckoning
54. Exposed
55. Enkindling
56. Acceptance
57. Endgame
Office IX. EPILOGUE/Later on
58. Reunion
59. The Feast of the Hearts, Part Three
NOTES ON SOURCES
INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would not have been able to write this volume if I had non been a reporter at the San Francisco Chronicle, the just daily newspaper in the United States that did not demand a motion picture star to come down with AIDS earlier it considered the epidemic a legitimate news story deserving thorough coverage. Because of the Relate'south enlightened opinion, I have had free rein to embrace this epidemic since 1982; since 1983, I have spent virtually all my time reporting on AIDS. My reporting provided the cadre of this volume. While this newspaper's commitment is a credit to all levels of Chronicle management, I particularly want to give thanks my metropolis editor, Alan Complain, who believed in the value of this story long before it was stylish. I'm likewise grateful to the following Relate colleagues for their guidance and assist: Katy Butler, David Perlman, Jerry Burns, Keith Power, and Kathy Finberg. The Chronicle'south library staff, especially Charlie Malarkey, as well helped immensely.
My newspaper reporting would never have been transformed into a book if information technology were non for the religion of my editor at St. Martin's Press, Michael Denneny. He believed in this project when about in publishing doubted that the epidemic would ever testify serious plenty to warrant a major book. I'm also grateful to the confidence of my agent, Fred Hill.
A number of other people helped me edit the manuscript. Without the constant encouragement, hand-belongings, and insightful editing of Doris Ober, I could never have made it to the stop of what became a very long tome. I'm too grateful to Katie Leishman and Rex Adkins for devoting their boggling editing talents to the manuscript.
The research phase of the volume required much travel and would not have been tolerable without hosts such as Poul Birch Eriksen in Copenhagen, Mark Pinney in New York City, and Bob Canning and Steve Sansweet in Los Angeles. I'grand also thankful to Frank Robinson, who kept voluminous files on the epidemic and generously shared them all with me. Among the other people who charitably opened their files to me were Tim Westmoreland, Dan Turner, David Nimmons, Jeff Richardson, Lawrence Schulman, Tom Murray of The Lookout man, Don Michaels of the Washington Blade, Terry Biern of the American Foundation for AIDS Research, and Jim Kepner of the AIDS History Projection at the International Gay and Lesbian Athenaeum in Los Angeles. Steve Unger and Fred Hoffman provided good computer assist. I would exist remiss if I didn't admit the help I got from the media relations staffs of San Francisco Full general Hospital, Pasteur Constitute, National Cancer Institute, National Found for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and especially Chuck Fallis at the Centers for Illness Command. They fabricated my job much easier.
I remain indebted to my brothers Reed Shilts, Russell Dennis Shilts Iii, and Gary Shilts for their back up during the long writing process. I'm also blessed by some terrific friends who stuck past me during the insanity of this project: Janie Krohn, Bill Reiner, David Israels, Bill Cagle, Will Pretty, and Rich Shortell. Thanks also to the friends of Bill West. who sustained me with their experience, strength, and hope.
Ultimately, a reporter is only equally proficient as his sources. The people to whom I remain most grateful are the hundreds who shared their time with me both during my newspaper reporting and during the volume research. Many were scientists and doctors who carved large blocks of time out of hectic schedules. My deep background and off-the-record sources were also invaluable; y'all know who yous are, and I thank you.
The people for whom I will always bear special reverence are those who were suffering from AIDS and who gave some of their last hours for interviews, sometimes while they were on their deathbeds laboring for breath. When I'd ask why they'd have the time for this, most hoped that something they said would salve someone else from suffering. If there is an human activity that improve defines heroism, I have non seen it.
DRAMATIS PERSONAE
DR. FRANCOISE BARRE, a researcher with the Pasteur Plant, the first to isolate the AIDS virus.
DR. BOB BIGGAR, a researcher with the Environmental Epidemiology branch of the National Cancer Institute.
FRANCES BORCHELT, a San Francisco grandmother.
DR. EDWARD BRANDT, Banana Secretary for Wellness of the U.Due south. Department of Health and Man Services.
JOE BREWER, a gay psychotherapist in San Francisco'southward Castro Street neighborhood.
HARRY BRITT, the just openly gay member of San Francisco'south lath of supervisors, the local equivalent of a city council.
U.S. REPRESENTATIVE PHILIP BURTON, a staunch liberal who represented San Francisco in Congress.
U.Due south. REPRESENTATIVE SALA BURTON succeeded her hubby in Congress.
MICHAEL CALLEN, a rock singer who organized the People With AIDS Coalition in New York City.
LU CHAIKIN, a lesbian psychotherapist in San Francisco'due south Castro Street neighborhood
DR. JEAN-CLAUDE CHERMANN, pan of the Pasteur Constitute
team that first isolated the AIDS virus.
DR. MARCUS CONANT, a dermatologist affiliated with the Academy of California at San Francisco.
DR. JAMES CURRAN, an epidemiologist and managing director of AIDS inquiry efforts at the U.Southward. Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta.
WILLIAM DARROW, a sociologist and epidemiologist involved with AIDS research at the Centers for Disease Command.
DR. WALTER DOWDLE, director of the Center for Infectious Diseases.
DR. SELMA DRITZ, banana director of the Bureau of Communicable Illness Command at the San Francisco Section of Public Health.
GAETAN DUGAS, a French-Canadian airline steward for Air Canada, one of the starting time North Americans diagnosed with AIDS.
DR. MYRON "MAX" ESSEX, a retrovirologist with Harvard University School of Public Health.
SANDRA FORD, a drug technician at the Centers for Disease Control.
DR. WILLIAM FOEGE, director of the Centers for Illness Control during the start years of the AIDS epidemic.
DR. DONALD FRANCIS, a retrovirologist who directed laboratory efforts for AIDS research at the Centers for Disease Control.
DR. ROBERT GALLO, a retrovirologist with the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda.
DR. MICHAEL GOTTLIEB, an immunologist with the University of California at Los Angeles.
ENRIQUE "KICO" GOVANTES, a gay San Francisco artist, lover of Bill Kraus.
DR. JAMES GROUNDWATER, a dermatologist who treated San Francisco'southward first reported AIDS instance.
DR. MARY GUINAN, an epidemiologist involved with early AIDS research at the Centers for Illness Command.
MARGARET HECKLER, Secretary of the U.S. Department of Wellness and Human Services from early 1983 through the end of 1985.
KEN HORNE, the first reported AIDS example in San Francisco.
DR. HAROLD JAFFE, an epidemiologist with the AIDS plan at the Centers for Disease Command.
CLEVE JONES, a San Francisco gay activist, organizer of the Kaposi'due south Sarcoma Research and Education Foundation.
LARRY KRAMER, novelist, playwright, and motion-picture show producer, organizer of Gay Men's Health Crisis in New York City.
BILL KRAUS, prominent San Francisco gay leader, aide to U.Due south. Reps. Philip and Sala Burton.
MATTHEW KRIEGER, a San Francisco graphic designer, lover of Gary Walsh.
DR. MATHILDE KRIM, socially prominent cancer researcher, organized the AIDS Medical Foundation.
DR. DALE LAWRENCE, conducted early studies of AIDS in hemophiliacs and blood transfusion recipients for the Centers for Disease Control.
MICHAEL MALETTA, hair dresser who was ane of San Francisco'southward early on AIDS cases.
DR. JAMES Stonemason, director of the Centers for Disease Control since late 1983, served as acting Assistant Secretary for Wellness in 1985.
RODGER MCFARLANE, executive managing director of the Gay Men's Health Crisis in New York City.
DR. DONNA MILDVAN, AIDS researcher at Beth Israel Medical Middle in Manhattan.
DR. LUC MONTAGNIER, head of the Pasteur Found squad that first isolated the AIDS virus.
JACK NAU, one of New York City'southward early AIDS cases, a sometime lover of Paul Popham.
ENNO POERSCH, a graphic designer fatigued into AIDS organizing considering of the death of his lover, Nick, in early on 1981.
PAUL POPHAM, Wall Street businessman, president of Gay Men's Health Crisis.
DR. GRETHE RASK, Danish surgeon in Zaire, kickoff westerner documented to take died of AIDS.
DR. WILLY ROZENBAUM, leading AIDS clinician in Paris.
DR. ARYE RUBINSTEIN, immunologist in the Bronx, among the commencement to detect AIDS in infants.
DR. DAVID SENCER, health commissioner of New York City.
DR. MERVYN SILVERMAN, director of the San Francisco Section of Public Wellness.
DR. PAUL VOLBERDING, managing director of the San Francisco General Hospital AIDS Clinic.
GARY WALSH, a San Francisco gay psychotherapist, early organizer of AIDS sufferers.
U.S. REPRESENTATIVE HENRY WAXMAN of Los Angeles, chair of House Subcommittee on Wellness and the Environment.
DR. JOEL WEISMAN, a prominent gay medico in Los Angeles, among the first to detect the AIDS epidemic.
RICK WELUKOFF, a Brooklyn schoolteacher who was among the nation'southward first AIDS cases, close friend of Paul Popham.
TIM WESTMORELAND, counsel to the House Subcommittee on Health and the Environment.
DR. DAN WILLIAM, a prominent gay md in New York City.
THE BUREAUCRACY
In the government of the U.s.a., health agencies are part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). About of the key wellness and scientific research agencies autumn under the umbrella of the U.S. Public Wellness Service (PHS), which is directed by the Assistant Secretary for Health of the Department of Health and Human Services. The National Institutes of Health (NIH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) are among the agencies that comprise the PHS.
The National Institutes of Wellness is comprised of various divide institutes that acquit nigh of the government'due south laboratory inquiry into health matters. Two of the largest institutes at the NIH are besides the two that were most involved in AIDS enquiry, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
The Centers for Disease Control is comprised of dissimilar centers that handle various public health bug. The largest is the Center for Infectious Diseases, under which AIDS inquiry has been handled through about of the epidemic. The Kaposi Sarcoma-Opportunistic Infections Task Force (KSOI Chore Forcefulness), which inverse its name to the AIDS Task Force, and subsequently to the AIDS Activities Role, was role of the CID.
The Kaposi's Sarcoma Inquiry and Educational activity Foundation (KS Foundation) was organized in San Francisco in early on 1982. In 1983, it split into the National Kaposi's Sarcoma/AIDS Research and Education Foundation (National KS Foundation), which dissolved in 1984, and the San Francisco Kaposi'south Sarcoma/AIDS Enquiry Foundation. The latter grouping afterwards changed its name to the San Francisco AIDS Foundation.
The AIDS Medical Foundation was organized in New York City in 1983. In 1985, it merged with the National AIDS Research Foundation to go the American Foundation for AIDS Enquiry (AmFAR).
AND THE BAND PLAYED ON
PROLOGUE
Past October 2, 1985, the morning Rock Hudson died, the word was familiar to almost every household in the Western earth.
AIDS.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome had seemed a comfortably distant threat to near of those who had heard of it earlier, the misfortune of people who fit into rather singled-out classes of outcasts and social pariahs. But of a sudden, in the summer of 1985, when a flick star was diagnosed with the disease and the newspapers couldn't end talking nearly it, the AIDS epidemic became palpable and the threat loomed everywhere.
Of a sudden there were children with AIDS who wanted to get to school, laborers with AIDS who wanted to piece of work, and researchers who wanted funding, and there was a threat to the nation'southward public wellness that could no longer be ignored. Most significantly, there were the first glimmers of awareness that the futurity would always contain this strange new word. AIDS would become a role of American culture and indelibly change the course of our lives.
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